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内核态： 所有线程都由kthreadd创建，运行在内核态，由独立的task_sturct描述。内核中不区分进程和线程，为了方便区分，这里统称为 …" />
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    <h1 class="post_title">Linux进程和线程关系</h1>
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      2022/02/10</span>
    <span class="post_time"> | 4 分钟阅读</span><span>&nbsp;|<a href='https://kingdix10.gitee.io/tags/linux%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8/' title="linux内核" class="post_tag button button_translucent">linux内核
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      <div class="post_toc">
        <h2>文章目录</h2>
        <nav id="TableOfContents">
  <ul>
    <li><a href="#1-基本概念">1. 基本概念</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#11-进程">1.1. 进程</a></li>
        <li><a href="#12-线程">1.2. 线程</a></li>
        <li><a href="#13-进程组会话">1.3. 进程组、会话</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#2-进程关系">2. 进程关系</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#21-父子兄弟">2.1. 父子、兄弟</a></li>
        <li><a href="#22-进程线程线程组">2.2. 进程、线程、线程组</a></li>
        <li><a href="#23-进程组会话">2.3. 进程组、会话</a>
          <ul>
            <li><a href="#231-内核线程的会话和进程组">2.3.1. 内核线程的会话和进程组</a></li>
            <li><a href="#232-用户进程的会话和进程组">2.3.2. 用户进程的会话和进程组</a></li>
            <li><a href="#233-用户多线程示例">2.3.3. 用户多线程示例</a></li>
            <li><a href="#234-用户进程组示例">2.3.4. 用户进程组示例</a></li>
          </ul>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#3-系统调用">3. 系统调用</a></li>
    <li><a href="#4-内核源码中的解释">4. 内核源码中的解释</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#41-struct-pid是什么">4.1. struct pid是什么</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
  </ul>
</nav>
      </div>
    
    <div class="post_body"><h1 id="1-基本概念">1. 基本概念</h1>
<p>Linux内核中没有使用单独的数据结构来描述进程和线程，而是将它们统一起来，使用task_struct结构体来描述，这就是“Linux不区分进程和线程”的来源。</p>
<p>内核态：
所有线程都由kthreadd创建，运行在内核态，由独立的task_sturct描述。内核中不区分进程和线程，为了方便区分，这里统称为内核线程</p>
<p>用户态：</p>
<ol>
<li>单线程进程：仅有一个线程，也就是主线程，内核中由一个task_struct描述,进程id就是task_struct.pid。</li>
<li>多线程进程：包含多个线程，每个线程都有自己的task_struct，有几个线程（包含主线程）就会有几个task_struct，所有task_struct的group_leader指向主线程的task_struct，进程id就是主线程task_struct.pid，所有线程的tgid都指向进程id。</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="11-进程">1.1. 进程</h2>
<p>进程是Linux系统中最基本的概念，它是资源分配的最小单位。</p>
<p>进程的创建、运行、结束都在内核态进行，进程的描述在内核态中由task_struct描述。</p>
<h2 id="12-线程">1.2. 线程</h2>
<p>线程是进程的一个执行单元，它是操作系统调度和执行的最小单位。</p>
<p>与进程一样，线程的创建、运行、结束都在用户态进行，线程的描述在用户态中由thread_struct描述。</p>
<h2 id="13-进程组会话">1.3. 进程组、会话</h2>
<p>进程组：进程组是一组相关进程，它们共享一个进程组ID，进程组ID默认是进程组内第一个进程的task_struct.pid。</p>
<p>会话：会话是一组相关进程组，它们共享一个会话ID，会话ID是会话内第一个进程的 <code>task_struct.pid</code>。</p>
<h1 id="2-进程关系">2. 进程关系</h1>
<p>可以通过ps命令来查看进程间的关系。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-shell" data-lang="shell"><span class="line"><span class="ln">1</span><span class="cl">ps -Teo ppid,sid,pgid,pid,tgid,tid,comm
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>注意ps显示的pid和tgid，在内核中含义是相同的。</p>
<h2 id="21-父子兄弟">2.1. 父子、兄弟</h2>
<p>以内核最开始创建的swapper、user_init、kthreadd三个进程（线程）为例，</p>
<ol>
<li>swapper是user_init和ktheread的父进程。
<ol>
<li>user_init和ktheread的task_struct.parent和task_struct.real_parent指向swapper的task_struct。</li>
<li>user_init和ktheread的task_struct.sibling挂到swapper的task_struct.children链表。</li>
<li>user_init和ktheread的task_struct.tasks挂到swapper的task_struct.tasks链表。</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>user_init和kthreadd是兄弟进程。
<ol>
<li>进程可以遍历自己的task_struct.sibling链表，找到兄弟进程和父进程。</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p><figure>
  <picture>

    
      
        
        
        
        
        
        
    <img
      loading="lazy"
      decoding="async"
      alt="父子进程关系"
      
        class="image_figure image_internal image_unprocessed"
        src="task_relationship_parent.png"
      
      
    />

    </picture>
</figure>
</p>
<h2 id="22-进程线程线程组">2.2. 进程、线程、线程组</h2>
<p>以user_multi_thread为例，</p>
<ol>
<li>user_multi_thread_leader是进程的主线程，主线程的task_struct.pid就是进程id，task_struct.tgid与task_struct.pid相同，task_struct.group_leader指向自身。</li>
<li>只有主线程user_multi_thread_leader的task_struct.tasks会挂到init_task.tasks链表。</li>
<li>只有主线程user_multi_thread_leader的task_struct.sibling会挂到父进程的task_struct.children链表。</li>
<li>user_multi_thread包含两个线程，分别是user_multi_thread1和user_multi_thread2，每个线程都有自己的task_struct，线程id为task_struct.pid，task_struct.tgid为进程id。</li>
<li>user_multi_thread1和user_multi_thread2的task_struct.real_parent与user_multi_thread_leader的task_struct.real_parent相同。</li>
</ol>
<p><figure>
  <picture>

    
      
        
        
        
        
        
        
    <img
      loading="lazy"
      decoding="async"
      alt="进程、线程、线程组关系"
      
        class="image_figure image_internal image_unprocessed"
        src="task_process_thread.png"
      
      
    />

    </picture>
</figure>
</p>
<h2 id="23-进程组会话">2.3. 进程组、会话</h2>
<p>进程的进程组和会话关系是靠 <code>struct signal_struct</code>的 <code>pids</code>数组来建立的，通过 <code>enum pid_type</code>进行索引。除了 <code>init_signals.pids[PIDTYPE_PID]</code>会指向init_struct_pid外，其他task_stuct的 <code>pids[PIDTYPE_PID]</code>都没有使用，而是使用了 <code>task_struct.thread_pid</code>，具体可以看 <code>task_pid_type</code>、<code>init_task_pid</code>、<code>task_pid_ptr</code>等函数。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c"><span class="line"><span class="ln">1</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1">/// inlcude/linux/pid.h
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">2</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">enum</span> <span class="n">pid_type</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">3</span><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">4</span><span class="cl">	<span class="n">PIDTYPE_PID</span><span class="p">,</span>      <span class="c1">/// 线程id，这里是内核态PID的概念
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">5</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>	<span class="n">PIDTYPE_TGID</span><span class="p">,</span>     <span class="c1">/// 线程组id，对应用户态PID，也就是用户进程id
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">6</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>	<span class="n">PIDTYPE_PGID</span><span class="p">,</span>     <span class="c1">/// 进程组id
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">7</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>	<span class="n">PIDTYPE_SID</span><span class="p">,</span>      <span class="c1">/// 会话id
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">8</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>	<span class="n">PIDTYPE_MAX</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">9</span><span class="cl"><span class="p">};</span>
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>进程在创建时，默认都是继承了父进程的sid、pgid，之后再通过系统调用，来创建或加入新的会话或者进程组。进程组是属于会话的，当进程改变所属的会话时，进程组id自动改为新的会话id。</p>
<p><figure>
  <picture>

    
      
        
        
        
        
        
        
    <img
      loading="lazy"
      decoding="async"
      alt="进程、命名空间关系"
      
        class="image_figure image_internal image_unprocessed"
        src="task_relationship_pids.png"
      
      
    />

    </picture>
</figure>
</p>
<h3 id="231-内核线程的会话和进程组">2.3.1. 内核线程的会话和进程组</h3>
<p>swapper线程和所有内核线程的会话和进程组都指向 <code>init_struct_pid</code>。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-shell" data-lang="shell"><span class="line"><span class="ln">1</span><span class="cl">   PPID     SID    PGID     PID    TGID     TID COMMAND
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">2</span><span class="cl">      <span class="m">0</span>       <span class="m">1</span>       <span class="m">1</span>       <span class="m">1</span>       <span class="m">1</span>       <span class="m">1</span> systemd
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">3</span><span class="cl">      <span class="m">0</span>       <span class="m">0</span>       <span class="m">0</span>       <span class="m">2</span>       <span class="m">2</span>       <span class="m">2</span> kthreadd
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">4</span><span class="cl">      <span class="m">2</span>       <span class="m">0</span>       <span class="m">0</span>       <span class="m">3</span>       <span class="m">3</span>       <span class="m">3</span> rcu_gp
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">5</span><span class="cl">      <span class="m">2</span>       <span class="m">0</span>       <span class="m">0</span>       <span class="m">4</span>       <span class="m">4</span>       <span class="m">4</span> rcu_par_gp
</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="232-用户进程的会话和进程组">2.3.2. 用户进程的会话和进程组</h3>
<p>用户init进程（1号进程）在创建时，继承 <code>init_struct_pid</code>，但是通常来说，init进程会创建新的会话和进程组。其他用户线程大多也会创建自己的会话和进程组。而自己用C语言写的程序，通常不会改变会话id，此时进程和执行程序的shell属于同一会话。</p>
<h3 id="233-用户多线程示例">2.3.3. 用户多线程示例</h3>
<p>multi_thread是用pthread_create创建的线程，所有线程的sid、pgid和pid是相同的。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c"><span class="line"><span class="ln">1</span><span class="cl">   <span class="n">PPID</span>     <span class="n">SID</span>    <span class="n">PGID</span>     <span class="n">PID</span>    <span class="n">TGID</span>     <span class="n">TID</span> <span class="n">COMMAND</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">2</span><span class="cl">   <span class="mi">3607</span>    <span class="mi">3608</span>    <span class="mi">3608</span>    <span class="mi">3608</span>    <span class="mi">3608</span>    <span class="mi">3608</span> <span class="n">bash</span>           <span class="c1">/// bash会话
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">3</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>   <span class="mi">3608</span>    <span class="mi">3608</span>  <span class="mi">218513</span>  <span class="mi">218513</span>  <span class="mi">218513</span>  <span class="mi">218513</span> <span class="n">multi_thread</span>   <span class="c1">/// 主进程（主线程）
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">4</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>   <span class="mi">3608</span>    <span class="mi">3608</span>  <span class="mi">218513</span>  <span class="mi">218513</span>  <span class="mi">218513</span>  <span class="mi">218514</span> <span class="n">multi_thread</span>   <span class="c1">/// 子线程
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">5</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>   <span class="mi">3608</span>    <span class="mi">3608</span>  <span class="mi">218513</span>  <span class="mi">218513</span>  <span class="mi">218513</span>  <span class="mi">218515</span> <span class="n">multi_thread</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">6</span><span class="cl">   <span class="mi">3608</span>    <span class="mi">3608</span>  <span class="mi">218513</span>  <span class="mi">218513</span>  <span class="mi">218513</span>  <span class="mi">218516</span> <span class="n">multi_thread</span>
</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="234-用户进程组示例">2.3.4. 用户进程组示例</h3>
<p>比较典型的是sid为135990，pgid为215368的python进程，这是通过python的multiporces库实现的多进程。所有子进程的sid和pgid是相同的。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c"><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 1</span><span class="cl">   <span class="n">PPID</span>     <span class="n">SID</span>    <span class="n">PGID</span>     <span class="n">PID</span>    <span class="n">TGID</span>     <span class="n">TID</span> <span class="n">COMMAND</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 2</span><span class="cl">  <span class="mi">16502</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span> <span class="n">bash</span>     <span class="c1">/// bash会话
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 3</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span> <span class="n">python3</span>  <span class="c1">/// 进程组
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 4</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215369</span>  <span class="mi">215369</span>  <span class="mi">215369</span> <span class="n">python3</span>  <span class="c1">/// 子进程
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 5</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215372</span>  <span class="mi">215372</span>  <span class="mi">215372</span> <span class="n">python3</span>  <span class="c1">/// 子进程
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 6</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215375</span>  <span class="mi">215375</span>  <span class="mi">215375</span> <span class="n">python3</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 7</span><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215378</span>  <span class="mi">215378</span>  <span class="mi">215378</span> <span class="n">python3</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 8</span><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215381</span>  <span class="mi">215381</span>  <span class="mi">215381</span> <span class="n">python3</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 9</span><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215384</span>  <span class="mi">215384</span>  <span class="mi">215384</span> <span class="n">python3</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">10</span><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215393</span>  <span class="mi">215393</span>  <span class="mi">215393</span> <span class="n">python3</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">11</span><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215398</span>  <span class="mi">215398</span>  <span class="mi">215398</span> <span class="n">python3</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">12</span><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215400</span>  <span class="mi">215400</span>  <span class="mi">215400</span> <span class="n">python3</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">13</span><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215407</span>  <span class="mi">215407</span>  <span class="mi">215407</span> <span class="n">python3</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">14</span><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215414</span>  <span class="mi">215414</span>  <span class="mi">215414</span> <span class="n">python3</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">15</span><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215418</span>  <span class="mi">215418</span>  <span class="mi">215418</span> <span class="n">python3</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">16</span><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215423</span>  <span class="mi">215423</span>  <span class="mi">215423</span> <span class="n">python3</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">17</span><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215427</span>  <span class="mi">215427</span>  <span class="mi">215427</span> <span class="n">python3</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">18</span><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215437</span>  <span class="mi">215437</span>  <span class="mi">215437</span> <span class="n">python3</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">19</span><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">135990</span>  <span class="mi">215368</span>  <span class="mi">215446</span>  <span class="mi">215446</span>  <span class="mi">215446</span> <span class="n">python3</span>
</span></span></code></pre></div><p>再有就是make，make实际执行的是使用qemu启动一个虚拟机。这里sid对应的是执行make的bash，pgid对应的是make的进程组。sh和qemu的pid不同，但sid和pgid是相同的。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c"><span class="line"><span class="ln">1</span><span class="cl">   <span class="n">PPID</span>     <span class="n">SID</span>    <span class="n">PGID</span>     <span class="n">PID</span>    <span class="n">TGID</span>     <span class="n">TID</span> <span class="n">COMMAND</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">2</span><span class="cl">   <span class="mi">3588</span>    <span class="mi">3589</span>    <span class="mi">3589</span>    <span class="mi">3589</span>    <span class="mi">3589</span>    <span class="mi">3589</span> <span class="n">bash</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">3</span><span class="cl">   <span class="mi">3589</span>    <span class="mi">3589</span>  <span class="mi">216041</span>  <span class="mi">216041</span>  <span class="mi">216041</span>  <span class="mi">216041</span> <span class="n">make</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">4</span><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">216041</span>    <span class="mi">3589</span>  <span class="mi">216041</span>  <span class="mi">216965</span>  <span class="mi">216965</span>  <span class="mi">216965</span> <span class="n">sh</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">5</span><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">216965</span>    <span class="mi">3589</span>  <span class="mi">216041</span>  <span class="mi">216966</span>  <span class="mi">216966</span>  <span class="mi">216966</span> <span class="n">qemu</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">system</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">aar</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">6</span><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">216965</span>    <span class="mi">3589</span>  <span class="mi">216041</span>  <span class="mi">216966</span>  <span class="mi">216966</span>  <span class="mi">216967</span> <span class="n">qemu</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">system</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">aar</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">7</span><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">216965</span>    <span class="mi">3589</span>  <span class="mi">216041</span>  <span class="mi">216966</span>  <span class="mi">216966</span>  <span class="mi">216968</span> <span class="n">qemu</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">system</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">aar</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">8</span><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">216965</span>    <span class="mi">3589</span>  <span class="mi">216041</span>  <span class="mi">216966</span>  <span class="mi">216966</span>  <span class="mi">216969</span> <span class="n">qemu</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">system</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">aar</span>
</span></span></code></pre></div><h1 id="3-系统调用">3. 系统调用</h1>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c"><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 1</span><span class="cl"><span class="kt">pid_t</span> <span class="nf">gettid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">);</span>     <span class="c1">/// 获取线程id，对应内核态pid
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 2</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 3</span><span class="cl"><span class="kt">pid_t</span> <span class="nf">getpid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">);</span>     <span class="c1">/// 获取进程id，对应内核态tgid
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 4</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="kt">pid_t</span> <span class="nf">getppid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">);</span>    <span class="c1">/// 获取父进程id
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 5</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 6</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1">/// 修改进程所属的进程组
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 7</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">setpgid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">pid_t</span> <span class="n">pid</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">pid_t</span> <span class="n">pgid</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 8</span><span class="cl"><span class="kt">pid_t</span> <span class="nf">getpgid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">pid_t</span> <span class="n">pid</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 9</span><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">10</span><span class="cl"><span class="kt">pid_t</span> <span class="nf">getpgrp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">);</span>                               <span class="cm">/* POSIX.1 version */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">11</span><span class="cl"><span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">deprecated</span><span class="p">]]</span> <span class="kt">pid_t</span> <span class="nf">getpgrp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">pid_t</span> <span class="n">pid</span><span class="p">);</span>           <span class="cm">/* BSD version */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">12</span><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">13</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1">/// 基于当前进程创建一个新的进程组
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">14</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">setpgrp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">);</span>                                 <span class="cm">/* System V version */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">15</span><span class="cl"><span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">deprecated</span><span class="p">]]</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">setpgrp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">pid_t</span> <span class="n">pid</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">pid_t</span> <span class="n">pgid</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cm">/* BSD version */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">16</span><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">17</span><span class="cl"><span class="kt">pid_t</span> <span class="nf">getsid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">pid_t</span> <span class="n">pid</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">18</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1">/// 基于当前进程创建一个新的会话，会话id是当前进程主线程的task_struct.pid，同时创建进程组
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">19</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="kt">pid_t</span> <span class="nf">setsid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span></code></pre></div><h1 id="4-内核源码中的解释">4. 内核源码中的解释</h1>
<h2 id="41-struct-pid是什么">4.1. struct pid是什么</h2>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c"><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 1</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1">/// inlcude/linux/pid.h
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 2</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="cm">/*
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 3</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * What is struct pid?
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 4</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> *
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 5</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * A struct pid is the kernel&#39;s internal notion of a process identifier.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 6</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * It refers to individual tasks, process groups, and sessions.  While
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 7</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * there are processes attached to it the struct pid lives in a hash
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 8</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * table, so it and then the processes that it refers to can be found
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln"> 9</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * quickly from the numeric pid value.  The attached processes may be
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">10</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * quickly accessed by following pointers from struct pid.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">11</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> *
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">12</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * Storing pid_t values in the kernel and referring to them later has a
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">13</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * problem.  The process originally with that pid may have exited and the
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">14</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * pid allocator wrapped, and another process could have come along
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">15</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * and been assigned that pid.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">16</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> *
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">17</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * Referring to user space processes by holding a reference to struct
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">18</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * task_struct has a problem.  When the user space process exits
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">19</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * the now useless task_struct is still kept.  A task_struct plus a
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">20</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * stack consumes around 10K of low kernel memory.  More precisely
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">21</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * this is THREAD_SIZE + sizeof(struct task_struct).  By comparison
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">22</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * a struct pid is about 64 bytes.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">23</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> *
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">24</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * Holding a reference to struct pid solves both of these problems.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">25</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * It is small so holding a reference does not consume a lot of
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">26</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * resources, and since a new struct pid is allocated when the numeric pid
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">27</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * value is reused (when pids wrap around) we don&#39;t mistakenly refer to new
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">28</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * processes.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">29</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> */</span>
</span></span></code></pre></div><p><code>struct pid</code>是内核对进程标识符的内部概念。它指的是单个任务、流程组和会话。虽然有进程附加到它，但 <code>struct pid</code>位于哈希表中，因此可以从数字pid值中快速找到它以及它所引用的进程。可以通过以下来自 <code>struct pid</code>的指针快速访问附加的进程。</p>
<p>在内核中存储pid_t值并在以后引用这些值是有问题的。最初具有该pid的进程可能已经退出并包装了pid分配器，而另一个进程可能已经出现并被分配了该pid。</p>
<p>通过持有对 <code>struct task_struct</code>的引用来引用用户空间进程存在问题。当用户空间进程退出时，现在无用的 <code>task_struct</code>仍然保留。task_struct加上一个堆栈会消耗大约10K的低内核内存。更确切地说，这是 <code>THREAD_SIZE + sizeof(struct task_struct)</code>。相比之下，<code>struct pid</code>大约为64个字节。</p>
<p>持有对 <code>struct pid</code>的引用可以解决这两个问题。它很小，因此持有引用不会消耗大量资源，而且由于在重复使用数字pid值时（当pid换行时）会分配新的 <code>struct pid</code>，所以我们不会错误地引用新的进程。</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c"><span class="line"><span class="ln">1</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1">/// inlcude/linux/pid.h
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">2</span><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="cm">/*
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">3</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * struct upid is used to get the id of the struct pid, as it is
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">4</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * seen in particular namespace. Later the struct pid is found with
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">5</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> * find_pid_ns() using the int nr and struct pid_namespace *ns.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="ln">6</span><span class="cl"><span class="cm"> */</span>
</span></span></code></pre></div><p><code>struct upid</code>用于获取在特定命名空间中 <code>struct pid</code>的id，<code>find_pid_ns</code>使用 <code>int nr</code>和 <code>struct pid_namespace *ns</code>找到 <code>struct pid</code>。</p>

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